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Osteoarthritis

The surfaces of the bones that form the joint are covered with a special hyalín cartilage, providing the lowest friction force during the motor skills of the articular surfaces.If osteoarthritis is diagnosed, this means that cartilage is in the destruction process.

Progressing, the destructive process applies to the bones and then to the articular capsule.The disease has a universal code according to ICD 10-M15-M19, which considers it to the class of muscle and connective tissue pathologies.

According to medical statistics, 12% of the world's population suffers from osteoarthritis, most of which are aged, 65.However, every year there is an alarming trend to increase the number of sick young people.The diagnosis is not fatal, but osteoarthritis is insidious with its relapses and the threat of complete disability.

The occurrence mechanism

The disease gradually develops, four stages can be distinguished conditionally:

  1. Initially, an area appears that is supplied by blood or damaged in the cartilage area.Little by little, in the presence of traumatic factors, the region is not restored, but, on the contrary, it grows.
  2. The body, trying to restore destructive cartilage, replaces damaged areas to a mineralized tissue that does not have a clear structure.This fabric is, in general, with a lower replacement for soft, sliding and elastic hyaline cartilage.
  3. Little by little, the cartilage surface becomes scars and bone growths: osteophytes.
  4. Healthy areas of the load increased several times, are used very quickly and, as a result, the entire cartilage becomes a large scar.

If the pathological process does not stop, the articulation will be submitted to the following adverse changes:

  • The bones are involved in the destruction process;
  • The synovial cover is inflamed;
  • The articular capsule becomes denser, losing its elasticity;
  • The articulation space light decreases rapidly;
  • The bones, without resistance, are deform, as the joint as a whole;
  • The fabrics of the articulation reborn, therefore, there is a complete loss of the possibility of movement.

Types of osteoarthritis

Normal articulation and osteoarthritis

This disease absolutely affects any joint surface!At the same time, despite the same pathology mechanism, it is classified into several types.

So, depending on which joints are sick, they distinguish:

  • osteoarthritis of the knee joint, or patelofmoral osteoarthritis (abbreviated gonarrosis);
  • Hip joint osteoarthritis (abbreviated coxarthrosis);
  • osteoarthritis of the shoulder joint;
  • interphased osteoarthritis;
  • ankle joint osteoarthritis;
  • Hand osteoarthritis;
  • cervical osteoarthritis;
  • arthrosis of the jaw;
  • arthrosis of the Másnephalanx joint;
  • iliac osteoarthritis;
  • Acrocomial keyboard-arthrosis;
  • temporal osteoarthritis;
  • heel osteoarthritis;
  • Arched osteoarthritis that affects the arc processes of the vertebrae (abbreviated spondilartrosis);
  • Arthrosis of the facet joint of the spine joints;
  • Osteoarthritis sokaveverural;
  • osteoarthritis of the rib facilities;
  • Tarán plastic osteoarthritis.

According to the details of the pathological process in the cartilaginous tissue, they distinguish:

  • Deforming osteoarthritis is the name of the disease that has passed to the terminal stage (final);
  • Arthrosoarthritis: The presence of the classic inflammatory process is characteristic;
  • chronic;
  • Acute osteoarthritis.

For the reasons for the occurrence of pathology, they distinguish:

  • Distrophic osteoarthritis of the joints associated with a critical metabolic disorder;
  • The osteoarthritis of the fracture is caused by appropriate lesions;
  • Post -trumatic osteoarthritis.

There is another classification: if the disease is independent or caused by provocative factors:

  • Primary, it arises in a completely healthy cartilage, another name - idiopathic osteoarthritis, or appears with senile changes related to age;
  • Secondary, caused for many reasons.

Symptoms of osteoarthritis

There are quite typical signs of osteoarthritis of all locations, which, depending on the degree of development of pathology, differ in gravity:

  • pain, pain, intensification with high humidity and hypothermia;
  • decrease in joint mobility;
  • crispy, crispy and crossing sounds in the movements of the articular surfaces;
  • external changes in the articulation scheme;
  • swelling and swelling;
  • skin redness.

Pain

The initial signs of violations are felt for weak or moderate pain in the short term, which almost never happens at night, but usually appears only with a load on the articulation surface.

When the inflammatory processes moved to their final stage, the patient begins to feel unbearable, "crack" the pain due to the stagnation of the blood and to increase the pressure in the joint bag.The pain is characterized by a long duration, at any time of the day, and regardless of whether the affected area is in the rest or moving.

Completeness of complete

This symptom is characteristic of a fairly careless disease.At the same time, in the early stages, the patient still feels in the morning, after waking up, discomfort when moving in a feeling of some restriction.

With the progression of destructive reactions, the patient realizes:

  • restriction of the amplitude of the usual movements;
  • the inability to change the position of the restmities at rest, even making attempts not to defend the joint manually;
  • Strong force (contracture) in a certain position of the articulation, which for a long time was in a state of lack of motor activity.

In the end, in the fourth stage of pathology, ancillosis is formed in the form of replacement of articular tissues to the scars, with a complete loss of functionality.

Sounds in the joint

A crunch can be accompanied by any dysfunction of the bones and cartilage, not only caused by osteoarthritis.

However, this disease is characteristic that sounds:

  • It arises only in the articulation that hurts;
  • accompanied by movement difficulty;
  • It has the ability to intensify with the progression of pathology and falls on the formation of ancillosis.

Change the appearance of the joint

Notable changes appear in the posterior stages.Then, the axis of the affected limb is curved, and the articular region itself is disfigured: it grows in size, the shape is ugly modified.

All this indicates the irreversible destruction of the articulation, within which a new fabric has not formed, it does not have a certain structure.

If such a pathogen arose in the knee, it means that the cargo and the mostnoplange joints will increase the load in the ankle joints, which will also harm them over time.

The causes of osteoarthritis

The pathology can occur both in a single joint and extended to several.It is less likely that this disease occurs at an early age: vitality remains sufficient to self -support the body.

However, for all age groups, the causes of influence in their direction are: there are:

  • Internal: some diseases, bad habits, unbalanced nutrition, etc.;
  • External, - Injuries, a professional factor.

Internal causes cause a negative change in joint factors in the form of joint inflammation.Distinguish between inflammations from several origin:

  • Infectious (intestinal wand and koch wand, viruses, clamidia, staphylococci, pale treponema, etc.);
  • rheumatism;
  • purulent arthritis;
  • autoimmune nature;
  • drop;
  • Soriasis

In addition, the causes of internal exposure include congenital or acquired violations of the cartilage tissue structure and malnutrition, which may be associated with:

  • malfunction and genetic mutations;
  • intrauterine development anomalies, including perinatal lesions;
  • old age;
  • osteoporosis, that is, "leaching" of the bone tissue of the components of the elements;
  • hormonal disorders and overload, including menopause;
  • normal metabolism violations;
  • Disadvantage in the nutrition of vitamins and trace elements;
  • diseases that attract muscle weakness;
  • Internal prolonged poisoning.

The aggravation of many diseases of the musculoskeletal skeleton also implies the degeneration of the cartilage.

The external causes of the development of the disease are factors that damage the joint such as:

  • frequent hypothermia;
  • dislocations;
  • strong blows;
  • fractures;
  • Menc Injections;
  • Strong physical activity (weightlifting, for example);
  • professional sports;
  • Surgical joint intervention.

Degree of osteoarthritis

According to clinical manifestations and the process of progression of the disease, four stages of osteoarthritis are distinguished:

  1. First grade osteoarthritis, this is the initial stage of osteoarthritis, which is characterized by hidden symptoms in the form of negative changes in the composition of synovial fluid and the weakening of muscle fibers, if it appears, only with a physical effort;
  2. The osteoarthritis of the second grade, this is already a sensation of pain due to the destructive joint of the bones and the formation of osteophones, the reflected neurotrophic regulation is altered and an audible crunch appears;
  3. The osteoarthritis of the third grade is characterized by significant degenerative changes in the joint, its visible deformation with the curvature of the axis of the limb, the ligament is shortened and the joint becomes pathologically mobile;
  4. The osteoarthritis of the fourth grade is the complete ankylosis, the complete contracture and the serious pains even at rest.

The four stages proceed unequally: during the pathological period, they are possible acute exacerbations and moments of remission.

Treatment of osteoarthritis

Clinically showed that treatment and prevention in the form of elimination of provocative factors of hyaline cartilage damage, although they do not eliminate the disease in the initial stage, but stop their development and restore the functionality of the joint.

Basically, the disease of small and moderate gravity is treated with conservative methods.In the case of serious cartilage destruction, which implied the destruction of the bones, surgical endoprotics is indicated.

In addition, the basic principle in treatment is:

  • An integral approach that implies the use of several therapeutic methods;
  • Probilitude, that is, the concentration of efforts to eliminate the disease that causes the disease and the consequences.

Treatment with popular remedies

It is thoroughly, but at home, it can also resort to healing recipes for people who offer effective health problems through herbs and beekeeping products.

Of the US plants:

  • Laurel leaf in the form of decoctions, vodka tinctures and specially prepared oil used externally, directly to the inflammation area;
  • The treatment of osteoarthritis with honey has been established as a reliable local potion, in the form of an inflammation eliminated with rubber and feeding the skin, muscles and cartilage;
  • Cabbage sheet, better than white cabbage, is a bit kneaded, and wrapped it with a painful stain, isolated with a wool fabric at the top and stay all night;
  • aloe juice in the form of compresses and rubbing the skin;

It also helps with the gross of osteoarthritis of the knee joint: the blade is sold to the duel, which is isolated throughout the night.

Preparations for osteoarthritis

Pharmacological treatment related to the classic therapy method is divided, depending on the dosing form used, in medicines:

  • external use, in the form of ointment for osteoarthritis, rubbing, lotions;
  • injections;
  • Pills for osteoarthritis;
  • Capsules

Ointments

The pharmacological industry produces medical ointments based on natural and highly active components:

  • Vishnevsky ointment;
  • Heparin ointment.

The Vestaren tool contains 1% diclofenac helps well: voltaran in gel form is applied to the skin.

Injections

Injections not only intravenously and intramuscularly, but also directly in the area of damage, for example, drugs of the non -steroid group were demonstrated very well in treatment.

Then, intra -articular injections are introduced into damaged joint tissues:

  • Glucocorticoids that improve the nutrition of cartilage tissue that relieve inflammation and increase elasticity (diphrospan, hydrocortisone, etc.
  • condoprotectors and analogues of intra -articular fluid, - singial, carbon;
  • Hyaluronic acid as lubricant and analgesic.

PREPARATIONS IN TABLES AND CAPSULES

Condroprotectors called SO for osteoarthritis that contain structural elements of the hyaline cartilage are in medicinal therapy and, therefore, restore it.

These medications occur in the form of tablets and capsules for oral administration through the gastrointestinal tract (orally).In addition, patients are prescribed NSAIDs (anti -inflammatory drugs for the osteoarthritis of the non -aesthetic group, stopping acute pain and relieving exacerbations.

Anesthetic agents are also used in the form of novocaine lock.

In addition, complex vitamins prescribed for osteoarthritis.

From natural medications of local action, medical bile, applied in the form of skin compresses, is recommended.

Exercises for osteoarthritis

Special exercises and therapeutic gymnastics (exercise therapy), whose complex gives physical activity in the unhealthy part of the body, have been demonstrated in moderation.

Dr. Bubnovsky and Evdokimenko developed their own complexes of therapeutic exercises.

Massage with osteoarthritis

Very beneficial affects medical treatment and massage, which improves microcirculation and nutrition of deep tissues.

Diet with osteoarthritis

In this state, it is important to adhere to adequate and rational nutrition to slightly improve the patient's condition.The recommended abstinence of excess eating, exclusion of animal fats and fried foods.

That the doctor treats Arthrosv first with pain complaints in the bones joints must go to the therapist.It was he who, having summarized the patient's story and asking him in detail, will give a reference to the desired narrow specialist.

It may be, depending on the cause of the disease and its type, profiles of profiles such as:

  • orthopedist;
  • traumatologist;
  • surgeon;
  • Rheumatologist